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measured work

  • 1 measured work

    measured work VR Aufmaß n

    English-German dictionary of Architecture and Construction > measured work

  • 2 prices for measured work

    prices for measured work
    n
    единичные расценки на (строительные) работы

    Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. . 1995.

    Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > prices for measured work

  • 3 prices for measured work

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > prices for measured work

  • 4 measured

    avmålt
    adj. \/ˈmeʒəd\/
    1) målt, oppmålt
    2) avpasset
    3) registrert
    4) avmålt, behersket, forbeholden, forsiktig
    5) taktfast, rytmisk, metrisk
    6) regelmessig, jevn
    7) (om språk, utsagn, tale e.l.) veloverveid, overveid, velberådd, velbetenkt
    in measured terms i forsiktige ordelag, med veloverveide ord
    measured mile ( sjøfart) utmålt mil
    measured work akkordarbeid

    English-Norwegian dictionary > measured

  • 5 measured day work

    measured day work, measured daywork (MDW) PERS, SOC gemessene Zeitlohnarbeit f, Tagesakkord m, Arbeitsleistung f pro Tag, Tagesleistung f

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > measured day work

  • 6 measured day work

    эк. тр. оплата по среднедневной производительности (труда)* (система оплаты труда, которая предполагает привязку заработной платы к производительности данного работника, но не учитывает краткосрочные изменения производительности; в этом случае оценивается средняя дневная производительность работника за определенный период и на основе средней производительности определяется ставка, по которой в течение некоторого периода будет выплачиваться заработная плата данному работнику)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > measured day work

  • 7 measured day-work

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > measured day-work

  • 8 day work

    1) эк. тр. = day labour
    2) эк. тр. дневная работа [смена\], работа днем [в дневную смену\] ( работа в дневные часы)

    If a worker suffers from health problems which are caused by night work, the employer should transfer him or her to day work. — Если у работника появляются проблемы со здровьем из-за работы в ночную смену, работодатель должен перевести его/ее на дневную работу.

    Hours of night work should generally be less and should never exceed those of the equivalent day work. — Ночная смена должна, как правило, быть короче дневной смены по количеству рабочих часов, или, по крайней мере, быть не длиннее дневной смены.

    See:
    3) упр. дневная выработка (нормативное или фактическое количество изготовленных изделий либо объем работы за день или смену)
    Syn:
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > day work

  • 9 day-work

    [ʹdeıwɜ:k] n
    1. эк.
    1) прямая повременная работа
    2) дневная выработка
    2. горн. работа на поверхности
    3. диал. = day's-work
    4. = day-labour

    НБАРС > day-work

  • 10 day-work

    ˈdeɪwə:k сущ.
    1) поденная работа
    2) а) дневная работа (работа, сделанная за день) б) дневная норма выработки, дневная выработка
    3) горн. работа на поверхности земли (экономика) прямая повременная работа( экономика) дневная выработка - measured * лимитированная норма с запретом перевыполнения (горное) работа на поверхности (диалектизм) работа, выполненная за один день поденная работа day-work дневная выработка ~ дневная работа ~ поденная работа ~ горн. работа на поверхности земли

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > day-work

  • 11 day-work

    1. n эк. прямая повременная работа
    2. n эк. дневная выработка
    3. n эк. горн. работа на поверхности

    English-Russian base dictionary > day-work

  • 12 price

    price
    n
    цена


    - base bid price
    - bid price
    - contract price
    - market price of material
    - site purchase price
    - unit prices of materials

    Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. . 1995.

    Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > price

  • 13 price

    •
    - price of labour - price per piece - acceptable price - actual price - agreed price - anticipated price - asking price - base price - bid price - buying price - competitive price - contract price - cost and freight price - cost, insurance, freight price - c.i.f price - domestic price - duty-paid price - estimate price - factory price - final price - free along side price - f.a.s price - free on board price - f.o.b. price - initial price - job price - land price - median price - procurement price - rent price - retail price - supply price - total price - wholesale price - world market price
    * * *
    цена
    - base bid price
    - bid price
    - contract price
    - market price of material
    - site purchase price
    - unit prices of materials

    Англо-русский строительный словарь > price

  • 14 end

    end
    1. noun
    1) (the last or farthest part of the length of something: the house at the end of the road; both ends of the room; Put the tables end to end (= with the end of one touching the end of another); (also adjective) We live in the end house.) final, extremo, cabo
    2) (the finish or conclusion: the end of the week; The talks have come to an end; The affair is at an end; He is at the end of his strength; They fought bravely to the end; If she wins the prize we'll never hear the end of it (= she will often talk about it).) fin, final, conclusión
    3) (death: The soldiers met their end bravely.) muerte
    4) (an aim: What end have you in view?) objetivo, finalidad
    5) (a small piece left over: cigarette ends.) resto

    2. verb
    (to bring or come to an end: The scheme ended in disaster; How does the play end?; How should I end (off) this letter?) terminar
    - endless
    - at a loose end
    - end up
    - in the end
    - make both ends meet
    - make ends meet
    - no end of
    - no end
    - on end
    - put an end to
    - the end
    end1 n final / fin
    turn right at the end of this street al final de esta calle, gira a la derecha
    end2 vb terminar / acabar
    how does the film end? ¿cómo acaba la película?
    tr[end]
    1 (extremity - of rope) cabo; (- of street, room, queue) final nombre masculino; (- of table, sofa, bed, line) extremo; (- of stick, tail, hair) punta; (- of box) lado
    2 (final part, finish) fin nombre masculino, final nombre masculino, conclusión nombre femenino
    ■ have you got enough money to last until the end of the month? ¿tienes suficiente dinero para llegar hasta final del mes?
    ■ what did you think of the end of the film? ¿qué te pareció el final de la película?
    3 (aim) objeto, objetivo, fin nombre masculino
    4 (remnant) resto, cabo; (of cigarette) colilla
    6 (on telephone) lado (de la línea)
    1 final, último,-a
    1 (conclude) acabar, terminar
    2 (stop) terminar, poner fin a, acabar con
    1 acabar, terminar
    ■ when does term end? ¿cuándo acaba el trimestre?
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    (not) to be the end of the world (no) ser el fin del mundo
    at the end of al final de
    at the end of one's tether hasta la coronilla
    at the end of the day al fin y al cabo, al final
    end on de frente
    end to end juntando los dos extremos
    in the end al fin
    no end muchísimo
    no end of la mar de, la tira de, cantidad de
    on end (upright) sobre el extremo 2 (continuously) enteros,-as
    till the end of time para siempre más
    to be an end in itself ser un fin en sí mismo
    to be at a loose end no tener nada que hacer
    to be at an end estar acabado,-a
    to be the end ser el colmo
    to come/draw to an end acabarse
    to end it all suicidarse
    to go to the ends of the earth ir hasta el fin del mundo, ir hasta los confines de la tierra
    to keep one's end up seguir animado,-a
    to make ends meet llegar a final de mes
    to put an end to something poner fin a algo, acabar con algo
    end product producto final
    end ['ɛnd] vt
    1) stop: terminar, poner fin a
    2) conclude: concluir, terminar
    end vi
    : terminar(se), acabar, concluir(se)
    end n
    1) extremity: extremo m, final m, punta f
    2) conclusion: fin m, final m
    3) aim: fin m
    adj.
    • final adj.
    n.
    • acabamiento s.m.
    • cabo s.m.
    • cola s.f.
    • extremo s.m.
    • fin s.m.
    • final s.m.
    • finalidad s.f.
    • límite s.m.
    • objeto s.m.
    • término s.m.
    v.
    • acabar v.
    • cesar v.
    • clausurar v.
    • concluir v.
    • terminar v.
    • ultimar v.
    end
    I
    1)
    a) (extremity - of rope, stick) extremo m, punta f; (- of nose) punta f; (- of street) final m

    at the other/far end of the garden — al otro extremo/al fondo del jardín

    from one end of the country to the other — de punta a punta or de un extremo a otro del país

    to stand something on (its) end — poner* algo vertical, parar algo (AmL)

    for weeks on end — durante semanas y semanas, durante semanas enteras

    not to know/be able to tell one end of something from the other — no tener* ni idea de algo (fam)

    to be at the end of one's rope o (BrE) tether: I'm at the end of my rope ya no puedo más or ya no aguanto más; to go off at the deep end (colloq) ponerse* como una fiera; to make ends meet — llegar* a fin de mes; see also deep end

    b) (part, side) (colloq) parte f (fam)

    are there any problems at your end? — ¿hay algún problema por tu lado?

    c) ( remaining part) final m, resto m
    2)
    a) (finish, close) fin m, final m

    just give him the money and let that be an end of o to it — dale el dinero y que no se hable más

    that was the end of the story — ahí (se) acabó or terminó la historia

    to put an end to something — poner* fin or poner* punto final a algo

    at the end of the day — ( finally) al fin y al cabo, a fin de cuentas; ( lit) al acabar or terminar el día

    b) (death, destruction) final m, fin m

    to come to a sticky end — (BrE) acabar or terminar mal

    c) ( outcome) final m
    d)

    no end — (BrE colloq)

    3) ( purpose) fin m

    to this end — (frml) con or a este fin (frml)


    II
    1.
    a) ( stop) \<\<argument/discussion/fight\>\> terminar, dar* or poner* fin a; \<\<gossip/speculation\>\> acabar or terminar con
    b) ( conclude) terminar, concluir* (frml)

    2.
    vi acabar, terminar

    a word ending in `x' — una palabra que termina en `x'

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [end]
    1. N
    1) [of street] final m ; [of line, table] extremo m ; [of rope, stick] punta f ; [of estate] límite m ; (Sport) lado m ; [of town] parte f, zona f

    • at the end of — [+ street, corridor] al final de; [+ rope, cable] en la punta de

    • to change ends — (Sport) cambiar de lado

    • the ends of the earth — (fig) el ultimo rincón del mundo

    • from one end to the other — de un extremo a otro

    • the end of the line — (fig) el término, el acabóse

    • to stand sth on end — poner algo de punta

    • the end of the road — (fig) el término, el acabóse

    • from end to end — de punta a punta

    • to read a book to the very end — leer un libro hasta el mismo final

    • to start at the wrong end — empezar por el fin

    - keep one's end up
    - tie up the loose ends
    - make ends meet
    - get hold of the wrong end of the stick
    - be at the end of one's tether
    deep 1., 1), shallow 1., 1)
    2) [of time, process, journey, resources] fin m, final m ; [of story] fin m, conclusión f

    towards the end of — [+ book, film] hacia el final de; [+ century] hacia fines de; [+ month] hacia fin de

    that was the end of that! — ¡y se acabó!

    • to be at an end — [meeting, interview] haber concluido

    to be at the end of — [+ strength, patience] estar al límite de

    • to come to a bad end — acabar mal

    • to the bitter end — hasta el último suspiro

    • to bring to an end — [+ work, speech, relationship] dar por terminado

    • to come to an end — llegar a su fin, terminarse

    • to draw to an end — llegar a su fin, terminarse

    • I am getting to the end of my patience — estoy llegando al límite de mi paciencia

    • in the end — al fin

    • to make an end of — acabar con, poner fin a

    • I enjoyed it no end * — me gustó muchísimo

    no end of an expert — sumamente experto, más experto que nadie

    • three days on end — tres días seguidos

    for days on end — día tras día, durante una infinidad de días

    • to put an end to — [+ argument, relationship, sb's tricks] poner fin a, acabar con

    • that's the end! * — ¡eso es el colmo!

    he's the end! * — ¡es el colmo!

    that movie is the end! — (US) * esa película es el no va más

    • without end — interminable

    • the end of the world — el fin del mundo

    3) (=death) liter or hum muerte f
    4) (=remnant) [of loaf, candle, meat] resto m, cabo m

    the end of a roll — [of cloth, carpet] el retal de un rollo

    cigarette 2.
    5) (=aim) fin m, propósito m

    • to achieve one's end — alcanzar su objetivo

    • to no end — en vano

    to the end that... — a fin de que + subjun

    to this end, with this end in view — con este propósito

    • with what end? — ¿para qué?

    2.
    VT [+ argument] terminar, poner fin a; [+ book] concluir; [+ speech] concluir, terminar; [+ relationship] terminar; [+ abuse, speculation] acabar con

    • that was the meal to end all meals! * — ¡eso fue el no va más en comidas!

    • to end one's days — vivir sus últimos días

    • to end it all * — suicidarse

    • to end one's life — suicidarse

    3.
    VI [lesson, work, war, meeting] terminar, acabar, concluir more frm ; [road] terminar(se); [period of time, programme, film, story] terminar

    • to end by saying — terminar diciendo

    • to end in — terminar en

    • to end with — terminar con

    4.
    CPD

    end date N — [of contract] fecha f de terminación

    end game N — (Chess) fase f final

    end line N — (Basketball) línea f de fondo

    end note N — nota f final

    end product N — (Ind) producto m final; (fig) consecuencia f

    end table N — (US) mesita f (para poner revistas, bebidas)

    end user N — usuario(-a) m / f final

    end value N — valor m final

    end zone N — (American Ftbl) zona f de marca

    * * *
    [end]
    I
    1)
    a) (extremity - of rope, stick) extremo m, punta f; (- of nose) punta f; (- of street) final m

    at the other/far end of the garden — al otro extremo/al fondo del jardín

    from one end of the country to the other — de punta a punta or de un extremo a otro del país

    to stand something on (its) end — poner* algo vertical, parar algo (AmL)

    for weeks on end — durante semanas y semanas, durante semanas enteras

    not to know/be able to tell one end of something from the other — no tener* ni idea de algo (fam)

    to be at the end of one's rope o (BrE) tether: I'm at the end of my rope ya no puedo más or ya no aguanto más; to go off at the deep end (colloq) ponerse* como una fiera; to make ends meet — llegar* a fin de mes; see also deep end

    b) (part, side) (colloq) parte f (fam)

    are there any problems at your end? — ¿hay algún problema por tu lado?

    c) ( remaining part) final m, resto m
    2)
    a) (finish, close) fin m, final m

    just give him the money and let that be an end of o to it — dale el dinero y que no se hable más

    that was the end of the story — ahí (se) acabó or terminó la historia

    to put an end to something — poner* fin or poner* punto final a algo

    at the end of the day — ( finally) al fin y al cabo, a fin de cuentas; ( lit) al acabar or terminar el día

    b) (death, destruction) final m, fin m

    to come to a sticky end — (BrE) acabar or terminar mal

    c) ( outcome) final m
    d)

    no end — (BrE colloq)

    3) ( purpose) fin m

    to this end — (frml) con or a este fin (frml)


    II
    1.
    a) ( stop) \<\<argument/discussion/fight\>\> terminar, dar* or poner* fin a; \<\<gossip/speculation\>\> acabar or terminar con
    b) ( conclude) terminar, concluir* (frml)

    2.
    vi acabar, terminar

    a word ending in `x' — una palabra que termina en `x'

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > end

  • 15 round

    1. adjective
    1) (shaped like a circle or globe: a round hole; a round stone; This plate isn't quite round.) rund
    2) (rather fat; plump: a round face.) rund; buttet
    2. adverb
    1) (in the opposite direction: He turned round.) rundt; omkring
    2) (in a circle: They all stood round and listened; A wheel goes round; All (the) year round.) omkring; rundt
    3) (from one person to another: They passed the letter round; The news went round.) rundt
    4) (from place to place: We drove round for a while.) rundt; omkring
    5) (in circumference: The tree measured two metres round.) i omkreds
    6) (to a particular place, usually a person's home: Are you coming round (to our house) tonight?) forbi; på besøg
    3. preposition
    1) (on all sides of: There was a wall round the garden; He looked round the room.) rundt omkring; rundt
    2) (passing all sides of (and returning to the starting-place): They ran round the tree.) rundt om
    3) (changing direction at: He came round the corner.) rundt om; omkring
    4) (in or to all parts of: The news spread all round the town.) rundt
    4. noun
    1) (a complete circuit: a round of drinks (= one for everyone present); a round of golf.) omgang
    2) (a regular journey one takes to do one's work: a postman's round.) runde
    3) (a burst of cheering, shooting etc: They gave him a round of applause; The soldier fired several rounds.) klapsalve; salve
    4) (a single bullet, shell etc: five hundred rounds of ammunition.) skud
    5) (a stage in a competition etc: The winners of the first round will go through to the next.) runde
    6) (a type of song sung by several singers singing the same tune starting in succession.) kanon
    5. verb
    (to go round: The car rounded the corner.) dreje om; runde
    - roundly
    - roundness
    - rounds
    - all-round
    - all-rounder
    - roundabout     6. adjective
    (not direct: a roundabout route.) indirekte
    - round-shouldered
    - round trip
    - all round
    - round about
    - round off
    - round on
    - round up
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (shaped like a circle or globe: a round hole; a round stone; This plate isn't quite round.) rund
    2) (rather fat; plump: a round face.) rund; buttet
    2. adverb
    1) (in the opposite direction: He turned round.) rundt; omkring
    2) (in a circle: They all stood round and listened; A wheel goes round; All (the) year round.) omkring; rundt
    3) (from one person to another: They passed the letter round; The news went round.) rundt
    4) (from place to place: We drove round for a while.) rundt; omkring
    5) (in circumference: The tree measured two metres round.) i omkreds
    6) (to a particular place, usually a person's home: Are you coming round (to our house) tonight?) forbi; på besøg
    3. preposition
    1) (on all sides of: There was a wall round the garden; He looked round the room.) rundt omkring; rundt
    2) (passing all sides of (and returning to the starting-place): They ran round the tree.) rundt om
    3) (changing direction at: He came round the corner.) rundt om; omkring
    4) (in or to all parts of: The news spread all round the town.) rundt
    4. noun
    1) (a complete circuit: a round of drinks (= one for everyone present); a round of golf.) omgang
    2) (a regular journey one takes to do one's work: a postman's round.) runde
    3) (a burst of cheering, shooting etc: They gave him a round of applause; The soldier fired several rounds.) klapsalve; salve
    4) (a single bullet, shell etc: five hundred rounds of ammunition.) skud
    5) (a stage in a competition etc: The winners of the first round will go through to the next.) runde
    6) (a type of song sung by several singers singing the same tune starting in succession.) kanon
    5. verb
    (to go round: The car rounded the corner.) dreje om; runde
    - roundly
    - roundness
    - rounds
    - all-round
    - all-rounder
    - roundabout     6. adjective
    (not direct: a roundabout route.) indirekte
    - round-shouldered
    - round trip
    - all round
    - round about
    - round off
    - round on
    - round up

    English-Danish dictionary > round

  • 16 rule

    ru:l
    1. noun
    1) (government: under foreign rule.) gobierno
    2) (a regulation or order: school rules.) regla, norma, reglamento
    3) (what usually happens or is done; a general principle: He is an exception to the rule that fat people are usually happy.) regla
    4) (a general standard that guides one's actions: I make it a rule never to be late for appointments.) norma
    5) (a marked strip of wood, metal etc for measuring: He measured the windows with a rule.) regla

    2. verb
    1) (to govern: The king ruled (the people) wisely.) reinar, gobernar
    2) (to decide officially: The judge ruled that the witness should be heard.) decidir, fallar (jurídico)
    3) (to draw (a straight line): He ruled a line across the page.) trazar (con una regla)
    •
    - ruler
    - ruling
    3. noun
    (an official decision: The judge gave his ruling.) fallo, decisión
    - rule off
    - rule out
    rule1 n
    1. regla / norma
    you can't do that, it's against the rules no puedes hacer eso, va en contra de las reglas / no puedes hacer eso, está prohibido
    2. gobierno / dominio
    rule2 vb gobernar
    tr[rʊːl]
    1 (regulation) regla, norma
    2 (control) dominio
    3 (of monarch) reinado; (by government) gobierno
    4 (measure) regla
    1 (govern) gobernar; (reign) reinar en
    2 (decree) decretar, dictaminar
    3 (draw) trazar
    1 (govern) gobernar; (reign) reinar
    2 (decree) decretar, dictaminar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    as a rule por lo general, por regla general
    to work to rule hacer una huelga de celo
    as a rule of thumb como regla general
    rule ['ru:l] v, ruled ; ruling vt
    1) control, govern: gobernar (un país), controlar (las emociones)
    2) decide: decidir, fallar
    the judge ruled that...: el juez falló que...
    3) draw: trazar con una regla
    rule vi
    1) govern: gobernar, reinar
    2) prevail: prevalecer, imperar
    3)
    to rule against : fallar en contra de
    rule n
    1) regulation: regla f, norma f
    2) custom, habit: regla f general
    as a rule: por lo general
    3) government: gobierno m, dominio m
    4) ruler: regla f (para medir)
    n.
    • arreglo s.m.
    • canon s.m.
    • código s.m.
    • dominación s.f.
    • dominio s.m.
    • estatuto s.m.
    • norma s.f.
    • precepto s.m.
    • regla s.f.
    • reglamento s.m.
    • señoría s.f.
    v.
    • decidir v.
    • dirigir v.
    • gobernar v.
    • imperar v.
    • rayar v.
    • regir v.
    • reinar v.
    ruːl
    I
    1) c (regulation, principle) regla f, norma f

    to bend o stretch the rules — apartarse un poco de las reglas

    to work to rule — ( Lab Rel) hacer* huelga de celo, trabajar a reglamento (CS)

    2) (general practice, habit) (no pl)

    as a rule — por lo general, generalmente

    3) u ( government) gobierno m; ( of monarch) reinado m

    to be under foreign rule — estar* bajo dominio extranjero

    the rule of law — el imperio de la ley; majority 1) a)

    4) c ( measure) regla f

    II
    1.
    1) (govern, control) \<\<country\>\> gobernar*, administrar; \<\<person\>\> dominar; \<\<emotion\>\> controlar
    2) ( pronounce) dictaminar
    3) ( draw) \<\<line\>\> trazar* con una regla

    ruled paper — papel m con renglones


    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( govern) gobernar*; \<\<monarch\>\> reinar

    to rule OVER somebody — gobernar* a alguien, reinar sobre alguien

    b) (predominate, be current) imperar
    2) ( pronounce)

    to rule (ON something) — fallar or resolver* (en algo)

    to rule against/in favor of somebody/something — fallar or resolver* en contra/a favor de alguien/algo

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [ruːl]
    1. N
    1) (=regulation) regla f, norma f
    rules [of competition] bases fpl

    it's the rules — son las reglas, esa es la norma

    it's a rule that all guests must vacate their rooms by 10a.m. — por norma los clientes tienen que dejar la habitación antes de las 10 de la mañana

    • running is against the rules, it's against the rules to run — está prohibido correr

    • to break the rules — infringir las reglas or las normas or el reglamento

    • to make the rules — dictar las normas

    • to play by the rules — (fig) obedecer las reglas or las normas

    • I couldn't stand a life governed by rules and regulations — no soportaría una vida llena de reglas y normas

    • rules of the road — normas fpl or reglamento msing de tráfico

    bend 2., 1), golden, ground, work 2., 1)
    2) (=guiding principle) regla f

    • rule of three — (Math) regla f de tres

    • rule of thumb — regla f general

    as a rule of thumb, a bottle of wine holds six glasses — por regla general, una botella de vino da para seis vasos

    3) (=habit, custom) norma f

    • as a (general) rule — por regla general, en general, normalmente

    • he makes it a rule to get up early — tiene por norma or por sistema levantarse temprano

    exception
    4) (=government) gobierno m ; (=reign) reinado m

    military/one-party rule — gobierno m militar/unipartidista

    • the rule of law — el imperio de la ley

    • under British rule — bajo el dominio británico

    5) (for measuring) regla f
    2. VT
    1) (=govern) gobernar
    - rule the roost
    2) (=dominate, control) controlar, dominar
    heart 1., 2)
    3) (esp Jur) (=declare) dictaminar
    4) (=draw) [+ line] trazar; (=draw lines on) [+ paper] reglar; ruled
    3. VI
    1) (=govern) gobernar; [monarch] reinar

    • to rule over sth/sb — gobernar algo/a algn

    rod
    2) (=prevail) reinar

    United rules OK — (in graffiti) ¡aúpa United!, ¡arriba United!

    3) (=decide) [chairman, president] decidir, resolver; [judge, jury] fallar

    • to rule against sth/sb — fallar or resolver en contra de algo/algn

    • to rule in favour of sth/sb — fallar en or a favor de algo/algn, resolver en or a favor de algo/algn

    • to rule on sth — fallar or resolver or decidir en algo

    4.
    CPD

    we'll do it by or go by the rule book — lo haremos de acuerdo con las normas

    • the rule of law — el estado de derecho

    * * *
    [ruːl]
    I
    1) c (regulation, principle) regla f, norma f

    to bend o stretch the rules — apartarse un poco de las reglas

    to work to rule — ( Lab Rel) hacer* huelga de celo, trabajar a reglamento (CS)

    2) (general practice, habit) (no pl)

    as a rule — por lo general, generalmente

    3) u ( government) gobierno m; ( of monarch) reinado m

    to be under foreign rule — estar* bajo dominio extranjero

    the rule of law — el imperio de la ley; majority 1) a)

    4) c ( measure) regla f

    II
    1.
    1) (govern, control) \<\<country\>\> gobernar*, administrar; \<\<person\>\> dominar; \<\<emotion\>\> controlar
    2) ( pronounce) dictaminar
    3) ( draw) \<\<line\>\> trazar* con una regla

    ruled paper — papel m con renglones


    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( govern) gobernar*; \<\<monarch\>\> reinar

    to rule OVER somebody — gobernar* a alguien, reinar sobre alguien

    b) (predominate, be current) imperar
    2) ( pronounce)

    to rule (ON something) — fallar or resolver* (en algo)

    to rule against/in favor of somebody/something — fallar or resolver* en contra/a favor de alguien/algo

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > rule

  • 17 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 18 MDW

    MDW (Abk. für measured daywork, measured day work) PERS gemessene Zeitlohnarbeit f; Tagesakkord m; Arbeitsleistung f pro Tag, Tagesleistung f

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > MDW

  • 19 Charpy, Augustin Georges Albert

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1 September 1865 Ouillins, Rhône, France
    d. 25 November 1945 Paris, France
    [br]
    French metallurgist, originator of the Charpy pendulum impact method of testing metals.
    [br]
    After graduating in chemistry from the Ecole Polytechnique in 1887, Charpy continued to work there on the physical chemistry of solutions for his doctorate. He joined the Laboratoire d'Artillerie de la Marine in 1892 and began to study the structure and mechanical properties of various steels in relation to their previous heat treatment. His first memoir, on the mechanical properties of steels quenched from various temperatures, was published in 1892 on the advice of Henri Le Chatelier. He joined the Compagnie de Chatillon Commentry Fourchamboult et Decazeville at their steelworks in Imphy in 1898, shortly after the discovery of Invar by G.E. Guillaume. Most of the alloys required for this investigation had been prepared at Imphy, and their laboratories were therefore well equipped with sensitive and refined dilatometric facilities. Charpy and his colleague L.Grenet utilized this technique in many of their earlier investigations, which were largely concerned with the transformation points of steel. He began to study the magnetic characteristics of silicon steels in 1902, shortly after their use as transformer laminations had first been proposed by Hadfield and his colleagues in 1900. Charpy was the first to show that the magnetic hysteresis of these alloys decreased rapidly as their grain size increased.
    The first details of Charpy's pendulum impact testing machine were published in 1901, about two years before Izod read his paper to the British Association. As with Izod's machine, the energy of fracture was measured by the retardation of the pendulum. Charpy's test pieces, however, unlike those of Izod, were in the form of centrally notched beams, freely supported at each end against rigid anvils. This arrangement, it was believed, transmitted less energy to the frame of the machine and allowed the energy of fracture to be more accurately measured. In practice, however, the blow of the pendulum in the Charpy test caused visible distortion in the specimen as a whole. Both tests were still widely used in the 1990s.
    In 1920 Charpy left Imphy to become Director-General of the Compagnie des Aciéries de la Marine et Homecourt. After his election to the Académie des Sciences in 1918, he came to be associated with Floris Osmond and Henri Le Chatelier as one of the founders of the "French School of Physical Metallurgy". Around the turn of the century he had contributed much to the development of the metallurgical microscope and had helped to introduce the Chatelier thermocouple into the laboratory and to industry. He also popularized the use of platinum-wound resistance furnaces for laboratory purposes. After 1920 his industrial responsibilities increased greatly, although he continued to devote much of his time to teaching at the Ecole Supérieure des Mines in Paris, and at the Ecole Polytechnique. His first book, Leçons de Chimie (1892, Paris), was written at the beginning of his career, in association with H.Gautier. His last, Notions élémentaires de sidérurgie (1946, Paris), with P.Pingault as co-author, was published posthumously.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Charpy published important metallurgical papers in Comptes rendus… Académie des Sciences, Paris.
    Further Reading
    R.Barthélémy, 1947, "Notice sur la vie et l'oeuvre de Georges Charpy", Notices et discours, Académie des Sciences, Paris (June).
    M.Caullery, 1945, "Annonce du décès de M.G. Charpy" Comptes rendus Académie des Sciences, Paris 221:677.
    P.G.Bastien, 1963, "Microscopic metallurgy in France prior to 1920", Sorby Centennial Symposium on the History of Metallurgy, AIME Metallurgical Society Conference Vol.27, pp. 171–88.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Charpy, Augustin Georges Albert

  • 20 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

    [br]
    b. 6 September 1892 Bradford, England
    d. 21 April 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland
    [br]
    English physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the ionospheric layer, named after him, which is an efficient reflector of short radio waves, thereby making possible long-distance radio communication.
    [br]
    After early ambitions to become a professional cricketer, Appleton went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied under J.J.Thompson and Ernest Rutherford. His academic career interrupted by the First World War, he served as a captain in the Royal Engineers, carrying out investigations into the propagation and fading of radio signals. After the war he joined the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, as a demonstrator in 1920, and in 1924 he moved to King's College, London, as Wheatstone Professor of Physics.
    In the following decade he contributed to developments in valve oscillators (in particular, the "squegging" oscillator, which formed the basis of the first hard-valve time-base) and gained international recognition for research into electromagnetic-wave propagation. His most important contribution was to confirm the existence of a conducting ionospheric layer in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves, which had been predicted almost simultaneously by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902. This he did by persuading the BBC in 1924 to vary the frequency of their Bournemouth transmitter, and he then measured the signal received at Cambridge. By comparing the direct and reflected rays and the daily variation he was able to deduce that the Kennelly- Heaviside (the so-called E-layer) was at a height of about 60 miles (97 km) above the earth and that there was a further layer (the Appleton or F-layer) at about 150 miles (240 km), the latter being an efficient reflector of the shorter radio waves that penetrated the lower layers. During the period 1927–32 and aided by Hartree, he established a magneto-ionic theory to explain the existence of the ionosphere. He was instrumental in obtaining agreement for international co-operation for ionospheric and other measurements in the form of the Second Polar Year (1932–3) and, much later, the International Geophysical Year (1957–8). For all this work, which made it possible to forecast the optimum frequencies for long-distance short-wave communication as a function of the location of transmitter and receiver and of the time of day and year, in 1947 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.
    He returned to Cambridge as Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1939, and with M.F. Barnett he investigated the possible use of radio waves for radio-location of aircraft. In 1939 he became Secretary of the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a post he held for ten years. During the Second World War he contributed to the development of both radar and the atomic bomb, and subsequently served on government committees concerned with the use of atomic energy (which led to the establishment of Harwell) and with scientific staff.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted (KCB 1941, GBE 1946). Nobel Prize for Physics 1947. FRS 1927. Vice- President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1932. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1933. Institute of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1946. Vice-Chancellor, Edinburgh University 1947. Institution of Civil Engineers Ewing Medal 1949. Royal Medallist 1950. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1962. President, British Association 1953. President, Radio Industry Council 1955–7. Légion d'honneur. LLD University of St Andrews 1947.
    Bibliography
    1925, joint paper with Barnett, Nature 115:333 (reports Appleton's studies of the ionosphere).
    1928, "Some notes of wireless methods of investigating the electrical structure of the upper atmosphere", Proceedings of the Physical Society 41(Part III):43. 1932, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes and Their Applications (his work on valves).
    1947, "The investigation and forecasting of ionospheric conditions", Journal of the
    Institution of Electrical Engineers 94, Part IIIA: 186 (a review of British work on the exploration of the ionosphere).
    with J.F.Herd \& R.A.Watson-Watt, British patent no. 235,254 (squegging oscillator).
    Further Reading
    Who Was Who, 1961–70 1972, VI, London: A. \& C.Black (for fuller details of honours). R.Clark, 1971, Sir Edward Appleton, Pergamon (biography).
    J.Jewkes, D.Sawers \& R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

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